AppKit vs UIKit Text Capabilities

Decision Skills

Use when comparing NSTextView and UITextView capabilities, porting editor behavior between macOS and iOS, or deciding whether an AppKit-only text feature has a UIKit equivalent. Reach for this when the main task is platform capability tradeoffs, not TextKit 1 vs TextKit 2 choice.

Family: View And Stack Decisions

Use this skill when the main question is which platform text stack can support a capability or editor behavior.

When to Use

• You are comparing NSTextView and UITextView capabilities.
• You are porting text code between macOS and iOS.
• You need to know whether a feature gap is architectural or just an API difference.

Quick Decision

• Desktop document-editor features, text tables, rulers, or services -> AppKit
• Touch-first editing, modular interactions, or iOS-specific selection UI -> UIKit
• Unsure whether the feature is platform-only or text-view-only -> keep reading

Core Guidance

NSTextView Can Do — UITextView Cannot

Rich Text Editing Panels (AppKit Only)

NSTextView provides built-in formatting panels with no UIKit equivalent:

Panel	API	Purpose
Font Panel	usesFontPanel	System Fonts window syncs with selection
Ruler	usesRuler / isRulerVisible	Interactive paragraph formatting (margins, tabs)
Link Panel	orderFrontLinkPanel:	Insert/edit hyperlinks
List Panel	orderFrontListPanel:	Configure list formatting
Table Panel	orderFrontTablePanel:	Insert/manipulate text tables
Spacing Panel	orderFrontSpacingPanel:	Paragraph spacing configuration
Substitutions Panel	orderFrontSubstitutionsPanel:	Smart quotes, dashes, text replacement config

Text Tables (NSTextTable / NSTextTableBlock)

AppKit-only classes. No UIKit equivalent exists.

let table = NSTextTable()
table.numberOfColumns = 3

let cell = NSTextTableBlock(table: table, startingRow: 0,
                             rowSpan: 1, startingColumn: 0, columnSpan: 1)
cell.backgroundColor = .lightGray
cell.setWidth(1.0, type: .absoluteValueType, for: .border)

let style = NSMutableParagraphStyle()
style.textBlocks = [cell]

Features: row/column spanning, per-cell borders/background, padding/margin control, automatic or fixed layout. Triggers TextKit 1 fallback.

Grammar Checking

// AppKit
textView.isGrammarCheckingEnabled = true
textView.toggleGrammarChecking(nil)

// UIKit — NO equivalent API
// Grammar checking is system-level only, not exposed to developers

Text Completion System

// AppKit — full completion infrastructure
textView.complete(nil)  // Invoke completion popup
textView.isAutomaticTextCompletionEnabled = true

// Override for custom completions:
override func completions(forPartialWordRange charRange: NSRange,
                           indexOfSelectedItem index: UnsafeMutablePointer<Int>) -> [String]? {
    return ["completion1", "completion2"]
}

// UIKit — NO built-in completion API
// Must build custom using UITextInput + overlay views

Spell Checking (Granular Control)

Feature	AppKit	UIKit
Toggle continuous spell checking	isContinuousSpellCheckingEnabled	spellCheckingType (.yes/.no)
Mark specific range as misspelled	setSpellingState(_:range:)	Not available
Document tag management	spellCheckerDocumentTag()	Not available
Grammar checking	isGrammarCheckingEnabled	Not available

Smart Substitutions (Individual Toggle APIs)

Feature	AppKit API	UIKit Equivalent
Smart quotes	isAutomaticQuoteSubstitutionEnabled	smartQuotesType (similar)
Smart dashes	isAutomaticDashSubstitutionEnabled	smartDashesType (similar)
Text replacement	isAutomaticTextReplacementEnabled	System-level only
Auto-correction	isAutomaticSpellingCorrectionEnabled	autocorrectionType (similar)
Link detection	isAutomaticLinkDetectionEnabled	dataDetectorTypes (different API)
Data detection	isAutomaticDataDetectionEnabled	dataDetectorTypes (different API)

AppKit provides individual toggle actions and a Substitutions Panel for user configuration. UIKit has simpler enum properties.

Services Menu Integration

NSTextView automatically participates in the macOS Services menu (send selected text to other apps):

// Automatic for NSTextView — implements NSServicesMenuRequestor
// Services like "Look Up in Dictionary", "Send via Mail" appear in Services menu

// For custom views:
override func validRequestor(forSendType sendType: NSPasteboard.PasteboardType?,
                              returnType: NSPasteboard.PasteboardType?) -> Any? {
    if sendType == .string { return self }
    return super.validRequestor(forSendType: sendType, returnType: returnType)
}

iOS has no Services concept.

Field Editor Architecture

Unique to AppKit. One shared NSTextView per window handles all NSTextField editing:

// Get the field editor
let fieldEditor = window.fieldEditor(true, for: textField) as? NSTextView

// Custom field editor
func windowWillReturnFieldEditor(_ sender: NSWindow, to client: Any?) -> Any? {
    if client is MySpecialTextField { return myCustomFieldEditor }
    return nil
}

Key implications:

• Memory efficient (one editor for all fields)
• One TK1 fallback in ANY field editor affects ALL fields in the window
• Custom field editors can provide per-field customization

UIKit has no field editor. Each UITextField manages its own editing.

NSText Heritage (Direct RTF/RTFD)

NSTextView inherits from NSText, providing:

// Direct RTF/RTFD I/O
let rtfData = textView.rtf(from: range)
let rtfdData = textView.rtfd(from: range)
textView.replaceCharacters(in: range, withRTF: rtfData)
textView.replaceCharacters(in: range, withRTFD: rtfdData)
textView.writeRTFD(toFile: path, atomically: true)
textView.readRTFD(fromFile: path)

// Font/ruler pasteboard
textView.copyFont(nil)     // Copy font attributes
textView.pasteFont(nil)    // Apply font from pasteboard
textView.copyRuler(nil)    // Copy paragraph attributes
textView.pasteRuler(nil)   // Apply paragraph attributes

// Speech
textView.startSpeaking(nil)
textView.stopSpeaking(nil)

UIKit has none of these. You’d need to manually create RTF data, manage font pasteboards, or use AVSpeechSynthesizer.

Print Support

// AppKit — native print support via NSView
textView.printView(nil)  // Opens print dialog

// UIKit — separate print system
let formatter = UISimpleTextPrintFormatter(attributedText: textView.attributedText)
let controller = UIPrintInteractionController.shared
controller.printFormatter = formatter
controller.present(animated: true)

macOS Dark Mode gotcha: printView(nil) renders with the current appearance. In Dark Mode, this produces white text on white paper. Fix: create an off-screen text view sharing the same NSTextStorage with .appearance = NSAppearance(named: .aqua), and print from that.

iOS printing tiers: UISimpleTextPrintFormatter handles most cases. For custom headers/footers or multi-section documents, subclass UIPrintPageRenderer and compose formatters per page range.

Find and Replace

Feature	AppKit	UIKit
API	NSTextFinder (since OS X 10.7)	UIFindInteraction (since iOS 16)
Properties	usesFindBar, usesFindPanel	findInteraction, isFindInteractionEnabled
Incremental search	✅ Built-in	✅ Built-in
Custom providers	NSTextFinderClient protocol	UITextSearching protocol

Both platforms now support find, but AppKit’s has existed much longer with more customization.

UITextView Can Do — NSTextView Cannot

Data Detector Types (Declarative)

// UIKit — single property, granular type selection
textView.dataDetectorTypes = [.link, .phoneNumber, .address, .calendarEvent,
                               .shipmentTrackingNumber, .flightNumber]
// Detected items become tappable automatically
// Only works when isEditable = false

// AppKit — Boolean toggles, less granular
textView.isAutomaticLinkDetectionEnabled = true
textView.isAutomaticDataDetectionEnabled = true
// Requires explicit checkTextInDocument: call

UITextInteraction (Modular Gestures)

// UIKit — add system text gestures to ANY UIView
let interaction = UITextInteraction(for: .editable)
interaction.textInput = customView  // Any UITextInput conformer
customView.addInteraction(interaction)

// AppKit — no equivalent modular component
// NSTextView has built-in gestures, but they can't be extracted

Text Item Interactions (iOS 17+)

// UIKit — rich interaction with links, attachments, tagged ranges
func textView(_ textView: UITextView,
              primaryActionFor textItem: UITextItem,
              defaultAction: UIAction) -> UIAction? {
    // Customize tap behavior
}

func textView(_ textView: UITextView,
              menuConfigurationFor textItem: UITextItem,
              defaultMenu: UIMenu) -> UITextItem.MenuConfiguration? {
    // Custom context menu
}

// Tag arbitrary ranges for interaction
let attrs: [NSAttributedString.Key: Any] = [
    .uiTextItemTag: "myCustomTag"
]

// AppKit — only has textView(_:clickedOnLink:at:)

UITextSelectionDisplayInteraction (iOS 17+)

System selection UI for custom views — cursor, handles, highlights:

let selectionDisplay = UITextSelectionDisplayInteraction(textInput: myView)
myView.addInteraction(selectionDisplay)
selectionDisplay.setNeedsSelectionUpdate()

AppKit gained NSTextInsertionIndicator (macOS Sonoma) for the cursor only, but nothing as comprehensive.

UITextLoupeSession (iOS 17+)

let session = UITextLoupeSession.begin(at: point, from: cursorView, in: self)
session.move(to: newPoint)
session.invalidate()

No AppKit equivalent — macOS doesn’t use a loupe for text selection.

Architecture Differences

Inheritance

AppKit:  NSObject → NSResponder → NSView → NSText → NSTextView
         (Rich NSText base: RTF, font panel, ruler, field editor, speech)

UIKit:   NSObject → UIResponder → UIView → UIScrollView → UITextView
         (Scrolling built-in, but no text-specific base class)

Scrolling

	AppKit	UIKit
Built-in scroll	❌ Must embed in NSScrollView	✅ IS a UIScrollView
Convenience	NSTextView.scrollableTextView()	Always scrollable
Non-scrolling	NSTextView is non-scrolling by default	Set isScrollEnabled = false

Text Storage Access

	AppKit	UIKit
Property	textStorage: NSTextStorage? (optional)	textStorage: NSTextStorage (non-optional)
Full content	attributedString() method	attributedText property

Delegate Richness

NSTextViewDelegate is significantly richer than UITextViewDelegate:

• Modify selection during changes
• Intercept link clicks
• Customize drag operations
• Control tooltip display
• Completion handling

UITextViewDelegate is minimal, though iOS 17 text item interactions narrowed the gap.

Writing Tools (Equivalent)

Both platforms have identical Writing Tools support as of iOS 18 / macOS 15:

• writingToolsBehavior / writingToolsAllowedInputOptions
• isWritingToolsActive
• Matching delegate methods
• Both require TextKit 2 for full inline experience

Quick Decision Guide

Need	Platform
Text tables	AppKit only (NSTextTable)
Grammar checking API	AppKit only
Text completion API	AppKit only
Services menu	AppKit only (macOS concept)
Font panel integration	AppKit only
Interactive ruler	AppKit only
Direct RTF file I/O	AppKit only (NSText heritage)
Declarative data detectors	UIKit better (dataDetectorTypes)
Modular text interaction	UIKit only (UITextInteraction)
Text item context menus	UIKit only (iOS 17+)
Selection display component	UIKit only (UITextSelectionDisplayInteraction)
Multi-page/multi-column	AppKit better (historically)
Built-in scrolling	UIKit (IS a scroll view)

Documentation Scope

This page documents the apple-text-appkit-vs-uikit decision skill. Use it when the main task is choosing the right Apple text API, view, or architecture.

Related

• apple-text-views: Use when the main task is choosing the right Apple text view or deciding whether a problem belongs in SwiftUI text, UIKit/AppKit text views, or TextKit mode. Reach for this when comparing capabilities and tradeoffs, not when implementing a specific wrapper or low-level API.
• apple-text-representable: Use when embedding UITextView or NSTextView inside SwiftUI and the hard part is wrapper behavior: two-way binding, focus, sizing, cursor preservation, update loops, toolbars, or environment bridging. Reach for this when native SwiftUI text views are not enough, not when choosing between text stacks at a high level.
• apple-text-writing-tools: Use when integrating Writing Tools into a native or custom text editor, configuring writingToolsBehavior, adopting UIWritingToolsCoordinator, protecting ranges, or debugging why Writing Tools do not appear. Reach for this when the problem is specifically Writing Tools, not generic editor debugging.

Full SKILL.md source

SKILL.md

---
name: apple-text-appkit-vs-uikit
description: Use when comparing NSTextView and UITextView capabilities, porting editor behavior between macOS and iOS, or deciding whether an AppKit-only text feature has a UIKit equivalent. Reach for this when the main task is platform capability tradeoffs, not TextKit 1 vs TextKit 2 choice.
license: MIT
---

# AppKit vs UIKit Text Capabilities

Use this skill when the main question is which platform text stack can support a capability or editor behavior.

## When to Use

- You are comparing `NSTextView` and `UITextView` capabilities.
- You are porting text code between macOS and iOS.
- You need to know whether a feature gap is architectural or just an API difference.

## Quick Decision

- Desktop document-editor features, text tables, rulers, or services -> AppKit
- Touch-first editing, modular interactions, or iOS-specific selection UI -> UIKit
- Unsure whether the feature is platform-only or text-view-only -> keep reading

## Core Guidance

## NSTextView Can Do — UITextView Cannot

### Rich Text Editing Panels (AppKit Only)

NSTextView provides built-in formatting panels with no UIKit equivalent:

| Panel | API | Purpose |
|-------|-----|---------|
| Font Panel | `usesFontPanel` | System Fonts window syncs with selection |
| Ruler | `usesRuler` / `isRulerVisible` | Interactive paragraph formatting (margins, tabs) |
| Link Panel | `orderFrontLinkPanel:` | Insert/edit hyperlinks |
| List Panel | `orderFrontListPanel:` | Configure list formatting |
| Table Panel | `orderFrontTablePanel:` | Insert/manipulate text tables |
| Spacing Panel | `orderFrontSpacingPanel:` | Paragraph spacing configuration |
| Substitutions Panel | `orderFrontSubstitutionsPanel:` | Smart quotes, dashes, text replacement config |

### Text Tables (NSTextTable / NSTextTableBlock)

**AppKit-only classes.** No UIKit equivalent exists.

```swift
let table = NSTextTable()
table.numberOfColumns = 3

let cell = NSTextTableBlock(table: table, startingRow: 0,
                             rowSpan: 1, startingColumn: 0, columnSpan: 1)
cell.backgroundColor = .lightGray
cell.setWidth(1.0, type: .absoluteValueType, for: .border)

let style = NSMutableParagraphStyle()
style.textBlocks = [cell]
```

Features: row/column spanning, per-cell borders/background, padding/margin control, automatic or fixed layout. **Triggers TextKit 1 fallback.**

### Grammar Checking

```swift
// AppKit
textView.isGrammarCheckingEnabled = true
textView.toggleGrammarChecking(nil)

// UIKit — NO equivalent API
// Grammar checking is system-level only, not exposed to developers
```

### Text Completion System

```swift
// AppKit — full completion infrastructure
textView.complete(nil)  // Invoke completion popup
textView.isAutomaticTextCompletionEnabled = true

// Override for custom completions:
override func completions(forPartialWordRange charRange: NSRange,
                           indexOfSelectedItem index: UnsafeMutablePointer<Int>) -> [String]? {
    return ["completion1", "completion2"]
}

// UIKit — NO built-in completion API
// Must build custom using UITextInput + overlay views
```

### Spell Checking (Granular Control)

| Feature | AppKit | UIKit |
|---------|--------|-------|
| Toggle continuous spell checking | `isContinuousSpellCheckingEnabled` | `spellCheckingType` (.yes/.no) |
| Mark specific range as misspelled | `setSpellingState(_:range:)` | Not available |
| Document tag management | `spellCheckerDocumentTag()` | Not available |
| Grammar checking | `isGrammarCheckingEnabled` | Not available |

### Smart Substitutions (Individual Toggle APIs)

| Feature | AppKit API | UIKit Equivalent |
|---------|-----------|-----------------|
| Smart quotes | `isAutomaticQuoteSubstitutionEnabled` | `smartQuotesType` (similar) |
| Smart dashes | `isAutomaticDashSubstitutionEnabled` | `smartDashesType` (similar) |
| Text replacement | `isAutomaticTextReplacementEnabled` | System-level only |
| Auto-correction | `isAutomaticSpellingCorrectionEnabled` | `autocorrectionType` (similar) |
| Link detection | `isAutomaticLinkDetectionEnabled` | `dataDetectorTypes` (different API) |
| Data detection | `isAutomaticDataDetectionEnabled` | `dataDetectorTypes` (different API) |

AppKit provides individual toggle actions and a Substitutions Panel for user configuration. UIKit has simpler enum properties.

### Services Menu Integration

NSTextView automatically participates in the macOS Services menu (send selected text to other apps):

```swift
// Automatic for NSTextView — implements NSServicesMenuRequestor
// Services like "Look Up in Dictionary", "Send via Mail" appear in Services menu

// For custom views:
override func validRequestor(forSendType sendType: NSPasteboard.PasteboardType?,
                              returnType: NSPasteboard.PasteboardType?) -> Any? {
    if sendType == .string { return self }
    return super.validRequestor(forSendType: sendType, returnType: returnType)
}
```

**iOS has no Services concept.**

### Field Editor Architecture

Unique to AppKit. One shared NSTextView per window handles all NSTextField editing:

```swift
// Get the field editor
let fieldEditor = window.fieldEditor(true, for: textField) as? NSTextView

// Custom field editor
func windowWillReturnFieldEditor(_ sender: NSWindow, to client: Any?) -> Any? {
    if client is MySpecialTextField { return myCustomFieldEditor }
    return nil
}
```

**Key implications:**
- Memory efficient (one editor for all fields)
- One TK1 fallback in ANY field editor affects ALL fields in the window
- Custom field editors can provide per-field customization

**UIKit has no field editor.** Each UITextField manages its own editing.

### NSText Heritage (Direct RTF/RTFD)

NSTextView inherits from NSText, providing:

```swift
// Direct RTF/RTFD I/O
let rtfData = textView.rtf(from: range)
let rtfdData = textView.rtfd(from: range)
textView.replaceCharacters(in: range, withRTF: rtfData)
textView.replaceCharacters(in: range, withRTFD: rtfdData)
textView.writeRTFD(toFile: path, atomically: true)
textView.readRTFD(fromFile: path)

// Font/ruler pasteboard
textView.copyFont(nil)     // Copy font attributes
textView.pasteFont(nil)    // Apply font from pasteboard
textView.copyRuler(nil)    // Copy paragraph attributes
textView.pasteRuler(nil)   // Apply paragraph attributes

// Speech
textView.startSpeaking(nil)
textView.stopSpeaking(nil)
```

**UIKit has none of these.** You'd need to manually create RTF data, manage font pasteboards, or use AVSpeechSynthesizer.

### Print Support

```swift
// AppKit — native print support via NSView
textView.printView(nil)  // Opens print dialog

// UIKit — separate print system
let formatter = UISimpleTextPrintFormatter(attributedText: textView.attributedText)
let controller = UIPrintInteractionController.shared
controller.printFormatter = formatter
controller.present(animated: true)
```

**macOS Dark Mode gotcha:** `printView(nil)` renders with the current appearance. In Dark Mode, this produces white text on white paper. Fix: create an off-screen text view sharing the same `NSTextStorage` with `.appearance = NSAppearance(named: .aqua)`, and print from that.

**iOS printing tiers:** `UISimpleTextPrintFormatter` handles most cases. For custom headers/footers or multi-section documents, subclass `UIPrintPageRenderer` and compose formatters per page range.

### Find and Replace

| Feature | AppKit | UIKit |
|---------|--------|-------|
| API | `NSTextFinder` (since OS X 10.7) | `UIFindInteraction` (since iOS 16) |
| Properties | `usesFindBar`, `usesFindPanel` | `findInteraction`, `isFindInteractionEnabled` |
| Incremental search | ✅ Built-in | ✅ Built-in |
| Custom providers | `NSTextFinderClient` protocol | `UITextSearching` protocol |

Both platforms now support find, but AppKit's has existed much longer with more customization.

## UITextView Can Do — NSTextView Cannot

### Data Detector Types (Declarative)

```swift
// UIKit — single property, granular type selection
textView.dataDetectorTypes = [.link, .phoneNumber, .address, .calendarEvent,
                               .shipmentTrackingNumber, .flightNumber]
// Detected items become tappable automatically
// Only works when isEditable = false

// AppKit — Boolean toggles, less granular
textView.isAutomaticLinkDetectionEnabled = true
textView.isAutomaticDataDetectionEnabled = true
// Requires explicit checkTextInDocument: call
```

### UITextInteraction (Modular Gestures)

```swift
// UIKit — add system text gestures to ANY UIView
let interaction = UITextInteraction(for: .editable)
interaction.textInput = customView  // Any UITextInput conformer
customView.addInteraction(interaction)

// AppKit — no equivalent modular component
// NSTextView has built-in gestures, but they can't be extracted
```

### Text Item Interactions (iOS 17+)

```swift
// UIKit — rich interaction with links, attachments, tagged ranges
func textView(_ textView: UITextView,
              primaryActionFor textItem: UITextItem,
              defaultAction: UIAction) -> UIAction? {
    // Customize tap behavior
}

func textView(_ textView: UITextView,
              menuConfigurationFor textItem: UITextItem,
              defaultMenu: UIMenu) -> UITextItem.MenuConfiguration? {
    // Custom context menu
}

// Tag arbitrary ranges for interaction
let attrs: [NSAttributedString.Key: Any] = [
    .uiTextItemTag: "myCustomTag"
]

// AppKit — only has textView(_:clickedOnLink:at:)
```

### UITextSelectionDisplayInteraction (iOS 17+)

System selection UI for custom views — cursor, handles, highlights:

```swift
let selectionDisplay = UITextSelectionDisplayInteraction(textInput: myView)
myView.addInteraction(selectionDisplay)
selectionDisplay.setNeedsSelectionUpdate()
```

AppKit gained `NSTextInsertionIndicator` (macOS Sonoma) for the cursor only, but nothing as comprehensive.

### UITextLoupeSession (iOS 17+)

```swift
let session = UITextLoupeSession.begin(at: point, from: cursorView, in: self)
session.move(to: newPoint)
session.invalidate()
```

No AppKit equivalent — macOS doesn't use a loupe for text selection.

## Architecture Differences

### Inheritance

```
AppKit:  NSObject → NSResponder → NSView → NSText → NSTextView
         (Rich NSText base: RTF, font panel, ruler, field editor, speech)

UIKit:   NSObject → UIResponder → UIView → UIScrollView → UITextView
         (Scrolling built-in, but no text-specific base class)
```

### Scrolling

| | AppKit | UIKit |
|-|--------|-------|
| Built-in scroll | ❌ Must embed in NSScrollView | ✅ IS a UIScrollView |
| Convenience | `NSTextView.scrollableTextView()` | Always scrollable |
| Non-scrolling | NSTextView is non-scrolling by default | Set `isScrollEnabled = false` |

### Text Storage Access

| | AppKit | UIKit |
|-|--------|-------|
| Property | `textStorage: NSTextStorage?` (optional) | `textStorage: NSTextStorage` (non-optional) |
| Full content | `attributedString()` method | `attributedText` property |

### Delegate Richness

NSTextViewDelegate is significantly richer than UITextViewDelegate:
- Modify selection during changes
- Intercept link clicks
- Customize drag operations
- Control tooltip display
- Completion handling

UITextViewDelegate is minimal, though iOS 17 text item interactions narrowed the gap.

### Writing Tools (Equivalent)

Both platforms have identical Writing Tools support as of iOS 18 / macOS 15:
- `writingToolsBehavior` / `writingToolsAllowedInputOptions`
- `isWritingToolsActive`
- Matching delegate methods
- Both require TextKit 2 for full inline experience

## Quick Decision Guide

| Need | Platform |
|------|----------|
| Text tables | AppKit only (NSTextTable) |
| Grammar checking API | AppKit only |
| Text completion API | AppKit only |
| Services menu | AppKit only (macOS concept) |
| Font panel integration | AppKit only |
| Interactive ruler | AppKit only |
| Direct RTF file I/O | AppKit only (NSText heritage) |
| Declarative data detectors | UIKit better (dataDetectorTypes) |
| Modular text interaction | UIKit only (UITextInteraction) |
| Text item context menus | UIKit only (iOS 17+) |
| Selection display component | UIKit only (UITextSelectionDisplayInteraction) |
| Multi-page/multi-column | AppKit better (historically) |
| Built-in scrolling | UIKit (IS a scroll view) |

## Related Skills

- Use `/skill apple-text-views` when the real question is which view class to adopt.
- Use `/skill apple-text-representable` when SwiftUI wrapping is part of the platform decision.
- Use `/skill apple-text-writing-tools` for Apple Intelligence editor differences.